Which statement best describes the cause of spoilage?

• A. It is caused by bacteria only
• B. It is caused by moulds only
• C. It is caused by yeasts only
• D. It is the result of the action of bacteria, moulds and yeasts

Answer: (D)

Spoilage happens because microorganisms grow and produce changes that make food unfit to eat. Bacteria, moulds and yeasts all have the potential to cause this deterioration, depending on the food and conditions. Bacteria can create acids, gases, and off smells; moulds grow visible colonies and release enzymes that break down food; yeasts ferment sugars, producing gas and flavors that alter texture and taste. Because any of these groups can be responsible for spoilage—sometimes all at once—the description that spoilage is the result of the action of bacteria, moulds and yeasts is the most accurate. Limiting spoilage to just one group misses the reality that multiple microorganisms can contribute in different foods.